Updated CPR Guidelines for Adults and Children
The Resuscitation Council UK regularly updates its guidelines to reflect the latest evidence-based practices in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Understanding the key differences between adult and paediatric resuscitation is essential for first aiders, healthcare professionals, and anyone responsible for emergency response.
Adult CPR: The Standard Approach
For adults (anyone who has reached puberty), the current guidelines emphasize:
- Compression-only CPR for untrained rescuers: If you're not trained or uncomfortable giving rescue breaths, continuous chest compressions alone can still save lives
- Compression depth: 5-6 cm (approximately 2-2.4 inches) at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute
- Compression-to-ventilation ratio: 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths for trained rescuers
- Hand position: Centre of the chest on the lower half of the breastbone
- Early defibrillation: Use an AED as soon as available, as adult cardiac arrests are often caused by cardiac arrhythmias
Paediatric CPR: Adapted for Children and Infants
For children (aged 1 year to puberty) and infants (under 1 year), the guidelines differ significantly:
- Rescue breaths are critical: Paediatric cardiac arrests are typically caused by respiratory problems, making ventilation essential
- Initial rescue breaths: Give 5 initial rescue breaths before starting chest compressions
- Compression depth: Approximately one-third of the chest depth (about 4 cm for infants, 5 cm for children)
- Compression technique: Use two fingers for infants, one or two hands for children depending on size
- Compression-to-ventilation ratio: 15:2 for healthcare professionals working as a team; 30:2 for lone rescuers
Why the Differences Matter
The fundamental difference stems from the cause of cardiac arrest. In adults, cardiac arrest is usually a primary cardiac event requiring immediate chest compressions and defibrillation. In children and infants, cardiac arrest typically results from respiratory failure or obstruction, making airway management and rescue breaths the priority.
Key Principles Across All Ages
Regardless of the patient's age, certain principles remain constant:
- Call for help immediately (dial 999 in the UK)
- Ensure the scene is safe before approaching
- Check for responsiveness and normal breathing
- Minimize interruptions to chest compressions
- Continue CPR until professional help arrives, the patient shows signs of life, or you become exhausted
Training and Preparedness
While these guidelines provide essential knowledge, hands-on training is irreplaceable. Regular first aid courses ensure you develop the muscle memory and confidence needed to respond effectively in real emergencies. The Resuscitation Council UK recommends refresher training every 12 months to maintain competency.
Equipment Considerations
Having the right equipment readily available can make a critical difference:
- AEDs with paediatric pads: Many modern AEDs include paediatric electrode pads or settings for children under 8 years
- Pocket masks or face shields: Provide a barrier for rescue breaths while maintaining hygiene
- Training manikins: Essential for practicing correct technique on both adult and paediatric models
Stay Current with Guidelines
The Resuscitation Council UK reviews and updates its guidelines regularly based on the latest international research. Healthcare providers, first aiders, and workplace safety officers should stay informed of any changes and ensure their training reflects current best practices.
Whether you're equipping a workplace, school, or community facility, understanding these differences and having appropriate emergency equipment can help save lives when every second counts.